Understanding Your DXA Scan Results

Receiving your DXA scan results can be confusing — especially if you're not sure what the numbers mean. This page explains T-scores, Z-scores, and the categories of bone density in plain English.

What Is a T-score?

Your T-score is the key number in your DXA report. It compares your bone density to that of a healthy young adult (around age 30) of the same sex. It is expressed as a number of standard deviations above or below that reference point. A score of 0 means your bone density is exactly average for a healthy young adult; negative numbers indicate lower bone density.

What Is a Z-score?

Your report may also include a Z-score. Unlike the T-score, the Z-score compares your bone density to others of your own age and sex. A Z-score of 0 means you have the bone density expected for your age group.

A Z-score below −2.0 suggests your bone loss may be greater than expected for your age. This can prompt your GP to investigate for secondary causes of bone loss — such as coeliac disease, thyroid problems, vitamin D deficiency, or medication side effects.

For most adults over 50, the T-score is used to diagnose osteoporosis and guide treatment. The Z-score is more relevant in younger adults.

What Does “Normal” Actually Mean?

A “normal” T-score does not mean there is nothing to be aware of. Bone density is only one piece of the picture. Your fracture risk also depends on your age, fall history, other medical conditions, and other factors. This is why the FRAX tool is often used alongside the DXA scan to give a more complete picture of your 10-year fracture risk.

What Should I Do After My Results?

If Your Result Is Normal

Continue to maintain good bone health through adequate calcium and Vitamin D, regular weight-bearing exercise, and a healthy lifestyle. Your GP may recommend a repeat DXA scan in 2–5 years depending on your risk factors.

If Your Result Shows Osteopenia

• Discuss your lifestyle and diet with your GP
• Ensure adequate calcium (from food, and supplementation if needed) and Vitamin D
• Increase weight-bearing and resistance exercise
• Address any modifiable risk factors (smoking, alcohol, low body weight)
• Ask about a repeat DXA scan — typically recommended every 1–2 years
• Your GP may calculate your FRAX score to assess whether medication is appropriate

If Your Result Shows Osteoporosis

• Your GP will discuss treatment options, which will likely include medication
• Ensure adequate calcium and Vitamin D intake (your GP may recommend supplements)
• Review your falls risk and home safety
• Start or continue appropriate exercise
• Read our Treatment Options page for an overview of what may be offered